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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']      # 使用黑体，解决中文乱码
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plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False        # 解决负号显示为方块的问题

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fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
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ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)                          # 1行1列第1个
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ax = fig.add_subplot(projection=ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=180))  # 地图投影

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fig, ax = plt.subplots()                                # 单子图
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fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(9, 10),         # 2行1列
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                         subplot_kw={'projection': ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=180)})
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fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=3, figsize=(8, 11),        # 3行
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                        subplot_kw={'projection': ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=180)})

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ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=180))

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cb_ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.06, 0.4, 0.02])           # [left, bottom, width, height]（相对坐标）
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fig.colorbar(m1, cax=cb_ax, orientation='horizontal')

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cf = ax.contourf(lon, lat, data, levels, cmap='RdBu_r',
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                 extend='both', transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())

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m = ax.scontourf(lon, lat, data, cmap='RdBu_r',
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                 levels=np.arange(-1.2, 1.4, 0.2), extend='both')

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cs = ax.contour(lon, lat, data, levels=levels_c,
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                colors='k', linewidths=0.6)
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ax.clabel(cs, inline=True, fontsize=8, fmt='%d')

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ax.scatter(x, y,
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           s=50,               # 点大小（面积，非直径）
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           c='steelblue',      # 填充色
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           marker='o',         # 形状
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           alpha=0.7,          # 透明度
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           edgecolors='k',     # 边缘色
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           linewidths=0.3,     # 边缘线宽
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           zorder=3)           # 图层叠放顺序

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# 中间值灰色，高值红色，低值蓝色
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ax.scatter(ONI, SOI, color=[0.5, 0.5, 0.5])           # 全部灰色打底
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ax.scatter(ONI[ONI >= 1.5], SOI[ONI >= 1.5], color='r')  # 高值红色
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ax.scatter(ONI[ONI <= -1.5], SOI[ONI <= -1.5], color='b') # 低值蓝色

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lon2d, lat2d = np.meshgrid(lon, lat)
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ax.scatter(lon2d[significant], lat2d[significant],
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           color='grey', s=2, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())

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sc = ax.scatter(x, y,
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                s=z,                  # 点面积正比于 z 值
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                c=c_array,            # 颜色映射到 c_array
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                cmap='viridis',
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                alpha=0.7,
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                edgecolors='gray',
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                linewidths=0.5)
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cbar = plt.colorbar(sc, pad=0.02)
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cbar.set_label('Color Variable')

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l1, = ax.plot(x, y, '-', c='tab:blue', linewidth=2)

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ax.axhline(y=0, color='k', linestyle='-')            # 水平线
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ax.axhline(y=0.5, color='k', linestyle='--')         # 水平虚线
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ax.axvline(x=0, color='k', linestyle='-')            # 垂直线

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ax.plot(time_year[nino34_DJF > 0.5], nino34_DJF[nino34_DJF > 0.5], 'ro')   # 高值红点
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ax.plot(time_year[nino34_DJF < -0.5], nino34_DJF[nino34_DJF < -0.5], 'bo')  # 低值蓝点

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y_smooth13 = y.rolling(window=13, center=True).mean()   # 13点滑动平均
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y_smooth5  = y.rolling(window=5, center=True).mean()    # 5点滑动平均
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ax.plot(x, y_smooth13, color='black', linewidth=1.5, label='13-point smooth')
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ax.plot(x, y_smooth5, color='yellowgreen', linewidth=1.2, label='5-point smooth')

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from scipy import stats
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x_num = np.arange(len(y))             # 将时间转为数字索引
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slope, intercept, r, p, std = stats.linregress(x_num, y)
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y_fit = intercept + slope * x_num
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ax.plot(x, y, color='grey', alpha=0.6, label='Raw')      # 原始数据
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ax.plot(x, y_fit, color='red', linewidth=2, label='Trend') # 趋势线
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ax.legend()

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x_int = 3    # 经度抽取间隔（每隔几个点取一个）
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y_int = 3    # 纬度抽取间隔
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qv = ax.quiver(lon_wnd[::x_int], lat_wnd[::y_int],
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               uwnd[::y_int, ::x_int], vwnd[::y_int, ::x_int],
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               transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())

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step = 3
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u_plot = u_data[::step, ::step]
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v_plot = v_data[::step, ::step]
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lon_1d = u_plot['lon'].values
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lat_1d = u_plot['lat'].values
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lon2d, lat2d = np.meshgrid(lon_1d, lat_1d)
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qv = ax.quiver(lon2d, lat2d, u_plot.values, v_plot.values,
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               scale=200, width=0.002, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())

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mask = (np.abs(U) < threshold) & (np.abs(V) < threshold)
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U_masked = U.copy()
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V_masked = V.copy()
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U_masked[mask] = np.nan
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V_masked[mask] = np.nan

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ax.quiverkey(qv, X=0.9, Y=0.07, U=10, label='10 m/s',
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             labelpos='S', labelsep=0.05, coordinates='axes')

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import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
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w, h = 0.12, 0.12         # 矩形框尺寸
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rect = mpatches.Rectangle((1-w, 0), w, h,
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                          transform=ax.transAxes,
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                          linewidth=1, ec='k', fc='w')
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ax.add_patch(rect)
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ax.quiverkey(qv, 1-w/2, 0.7*h, 10, '10 m/s',
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             labelpos='S', labelsep=0.05, coordinates='axes')

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ax.squiver(uwnd.lon, uwnd.lat, uwnd_tmp, vwnd_tmp,
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           stepx=4, stepy=2, width=0.004)

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cbar = plt.colorbar(cf, pad=0.02)
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cbar.set_label('SST (°C)')

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cb = fig.colorbar(cf, ax=ax,
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                  orientation='horizontal',
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                  location='right',
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                  pad=0.08,
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                  shrink=0.85,
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                  aspect=30,
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                  extend='both',
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                  ticks=np.arange(0, 36, 5))
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cb.set_label('Temperature (°C)', fontsize=12)
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cb.ax.tick_params(labelsize=12)

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cb_ax = plt.axes([0.12, 0.00, 0.76, 0.04])   # [left, bottom, width, height]
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cb = plt.colorbar(cf, cax=cb_ax, orientation='horizontal')
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cb.set_label('Label', fontsize=8)
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cb.ax.tick_params(labelsize=7)

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ax.set_xticks(range(1, 13))                                # 设定刻度位置
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ax.set_xticklabels(['Jan', 'Feb', ..., 'Dec'])             # 设定刻度标签文字

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ax.tick_params(labelsize=14)                               # 统一设置刻度标签大小
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plt.xticks(fontsize=14)                                    # X 轴刻度字体
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plt.yticks(fontsize=14)                                    # Y 轴刻度字体

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ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(LongitudeFormatter())
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ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(LatitudeFormatter())

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ax.set_xlim([time[0], time[-1]])                           # X 轴范围
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ax.set_ylim([-2, 2.5])                                     # Y 轴范围
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ax.axis([-3.5, 3.5, -6.5, 6.5])                            # [xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax]

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fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=3, figsize=(8, 11),
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                       subplot_kw={'projection': ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=180)})
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for i in range(3):
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    ax[i].contourf(...)        # ax[i] 访问第 i 个子图

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fig = plt.figure(figsize=[9, 10])
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for i in range(3):
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    ax = fig.add_subplot(3, 2, 2*i+1,   # 第1,3,5 位置 — 地图
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                         projection=ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=180))
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    # ... 画填色图 ...
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    ax = fig.add_subplot(3, 2, 2*i+2)   # 第2,4,6 位置 — 折线图
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    # ... 画时间序列 ...
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cb_ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.06, 0.4, 0.02])  # 底部色标
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fig.colorbar(m1, cax=cb_ax, orientation='horizontal')

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fig, ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)  # 单子图

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plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.05, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.05,
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                    hspace=0.4, wspace=0.3)